Data Types and Formats

Objectives

• Describe how information is stored in a pandas DataFrame.
• Define the two main types of data in pandas: text and numerics.
• Examine the structure of a DataFrame.
• Modify the format of values in a DataFrame.
• Describe how data types impact operations.
• Define, manipulate, and interconvert integers and floats in Python/pandas.
• Analyze datasets having missing/null values (NaN values).
• Write manipulated data to a file.

Questions

• What types of data can be contained in a DataFrame?
• Why is the data type important?

Format is Important

The format of individual columns and rows will impact analysis performed on a dataset read into a pandas DataFrame. For example, you can’t perform mathematical calculations on a string (text formatted data). This might seem obvious, however sometimes numeric values are read into pandas as strings. In this situation, when you then try to perform calculations on the string-formatted numeric data, you get an error.

In this lesson we will review ways to explore and better understand the structure and format of our data.

Types of Data

How information is stored in a DataFrame or a Python object affects what we can do with it and the outputs of calculations as well. There are two main types of data that we will explore in this lesson: numeric and text data types.

Numeric Data Types

Numeric data types include integers and floats. A floating point (known as a float) number has decimal points even if that decimal point value is 0. For example: 1.13, 2.0, 1234.345. If we have a column that contains both integers and floating point numbers, pandas will assign the entire column to the float data type so the decimal points are not lost.

An integer will never have a decimal point. Thus if we wanted to store 1.13 as an integer it would be stored as 1. Similarly, 1234.345 would be stored as 1234. You will often see the data type Int64 in pandas which stands for 64 bit integer. The 64 refers to the memory allocated to store data in each cell which effectively relates to how many digits it can store in each “cell”. Allocating space ahead of time allows computers to optimize storage and processing efficiency.

Text Data Type

The text data type is known as a string in Python, or object in pandas. Strings can contain numbers and / or characters. For example, a string might be a word, a sentence, or several sentences. A pandas object might also be a plot name like 'plot1'. A string can also contain or consist of numbers. For instance, '1234' could be stored as a string, as could '10.23'. However strings that contain numbers can not be used for mathematical operations!

pandas and base Python use slightly different names for data types. More on this is in the table below:

Checking the format of our data

Now that we’re armed with a basic understanding of numeric and text data types, let’s explore the format of our survey data. We’ll be working with the same surveys.csv dataset that we’ve used in previous lessons.

# Make sure pandas is loaded
import pandas as pd

# Note that pd.read_csv is used because we imported pandas as pd
surveys_df = pd.read_csv("data/surveys.csv")

Remember that we can check the type of an object like this:

type(surveys_df)

pandas.core.frame.DataFrame

Next, let’s look at the structure of our surveys_df data. In pandas, we can check the type of one column in a DataFrame using the syntax dataframe_name['column_name'].dtype:

surveys_df['sex'].dtype

dtype('O')

A type ‘O’ just stands for “object” which in pandas is a string (text).

surveys_df['record_id'].dtype

dtype('int64')

The type int64 tells us that pandas is storing each value within this column as a 64 bit integer. We can use the dataframe_name.dtypes command to view the data type for each column in a DataFrame (all at once).

surveys_df.dtypes

which returns:

record_id            int64
month                int64
day                  int64
year                 int64
plot_id              int64
species_id          object
sex                 object
hindfoot_length    float64
weight             float64
dtype: object

Note that most of the columns in our survey_df data are of type int64. This means that they are 64 bit integers. But the weight column is a floating point value which means it contains decimals. The species_id and sex columns are objects which means they contain strings.

Working With Our Survey Data

Getting back to our data, we can modify the format of values within our data, if we want. For instance, we could convert the record_id field to floating point values.

# Convert the record_id field from an integer to a float
surveys_df['record_id'] = surveys_df['record_id'].astype('float64')
surveys_df['record_id'].dtype

dtype('float64')

Challenge

Changing Types

Try converting the column plot_id to floats using

surveys_df['plot_id'].astype("float")

Next try converting weight to an integer. What goes wrong here? What is pandas telling you? We will talk about some solutions to this later.

Solution

surveys_df['plot_id'].astype("float")

0         2.0
1         3.0
2         2.0
3         7.0
4         3.0
         ... 
35544    15.0
35545    15.0
35546    10.0
35547     7.0
35548     5.0

surveys_df['weight'].astype("int")

pandas.errors.IntCastingNaNError: Cannot convert non-finite values (NA or inf) to integer

Pandas cannot convert types from float to int if the column contains NaN values.

Missing Data Values - NaN

What happened in the last challenge activity? Notice that this raises a casting error: pandas.errors.IntCastingNaNError: Cannot convert non-finite values (NA or inf) to integer (in older versions of pandas, this may be called a ValueError instead). If we look at the weight column in the surveys data we notice that there are NaN (Not a Number) values. NaN values are undefined values that cannot be represented mathematically. pandas, for example, will read an empty cell in a CSV or Excel sheet as NaN. NaNs have some desirable properties: if we were to average the weight column without replacing our NaNs, Python would know to skip over those cells.

surveys_df['weight'].mean()

42.672428212991356

Dealing with missing data values is always a challenge. It’s sometimes hard to know why values are missing - was it because of a data entry error? Or data that someone was unable to collect? Should the value be 0? We need to know how missing values are represented in the dataset in order to make good decisions. If we’re lucky, we have some metadata that will tell us more about how null values were handled.

For instance, in some disciplines, like Remote Sensing, missing data values are often defined as -9999. Having a bunch of -9999 values in your data could really alter numeric calculations. Often in spreadsheets, cells are left empty where no data are available. pandas will, by default, replace those missing values with NaN. However, it is good practice to get in the habit of intentionally marking cells that have no data with a no data value! That way there are no questions in the future when you (or someone else) explores your data.

Where Are the NaN’s?

Let’s explore the NaN values in our data a bit further. Using the tools we learned in lesson 02, we can figure out how many rows contain NaN values for weight. We can also create a new subset from our data that only contains rows with weight > 0 (i.e., select meaningful weight values):

len(surveys_df[surveys_df['weight'].isna()])
# How many rows have weight values?
len(surveys_df[surveys_df['weight'] > 0])

We can replace all NaN values with zeroes using the .fillna() method (after making a copy of the data so we don’t lose our work):

df1 = surveys_df.copy()
# Fill all NaN values with 0
df1['weight'] = df1['weight'].fillna(0)

However NaN and 0 yield different analysis results. The mean value when NaN values are replaced with 0 is different from when NaN values are simply thrown out or ignored.

df1['weight'].mean()

38.751976145601844

We can fill NaN values with any value that we chose. The code below fills all NaN values with a mean for all weight values.

df1['weight'] = surveys_df['weight'].fillna(surveys_df['weight'].mean())

We could also chose to create a subset of our data, only keeping rows that do not contain NaN values.

The point is to make conscious decisions about how to manage missing data. This is where we think about how our data will be used and how these values will impact the scientific conclusions made from the data.

pandas gives us all of the tools that we need to account for these issues. We just need to be cautious about how the decisions that we make impact scientific results.

Challenge

Counting

Count the number of missing values per column.

Hints

The method .count() gives you the number of non-NaN observations per column. Try looking to the .isna() method.

Solution

for c in surveys_df.columns:
    print(c, len(surveys_df[surveys_df[c].isna()]))

Or, since we’ve been using the pd.isnull function so far:

for c in surveys_df.columns:
    print(c, len(surveys_df[pd.isnull(surveys_df[c])]))

record_id 0
month 0
day 0
year 0
plot_id 0
species_id 763
sex 2511
hindfoot_length 4111
weight 3266

Note that isnull and isna are equivalent: they behave identically.

Writing Out Data to CSV

We’ve learned about manipulating data to get desired outputs. But we’ve also discussed keeping data that has been manipulated separate from our raw data. Something we might be interested in doing is working with only the columns that have full data. First, let’s reload the data so we’re not mixing up all of our previous manipulations.

surveys_df = pd.read_csv("data/surveys.csv")

Next, let’s drop all the rows that contain missing values. We will use the command dropna. By default, dropna removes rows that contain missing data for even just one column.

df_na = surveys_df.dropna()

If you now type df_na, you should observe that the resulting DataFrame has 30676 rows and 9 columns, much smaller than the 35549 row original.

We can now use the to_csv command to export a DataFrame in CSV format. Note that the code below will by default save the data into the current working directory. We can save it to a different folder by adding the foldername and a slash before the filename: df.to_csv('foldername/out.csv'). We use 'index=False' so that pandas doesn’t include the index number for each line.

# Write DataFrame to CSV
df_na.to_csv('data/surveys_complete.csv', index=False)

We will use this data file later in the workshop. Check out your working directory to make sure the CSV wrote out properly, and that you can open it! If you want, try to bring it back into Python to make sure it imports properly.

Recap

What we’ve learned:

• How to explore the data types of columns within a DataFrame
• How to change the data type
• What NaN values are, how they might be represented, and what this means for your work
• How to replace NaN values, if desired
• How to use to_csv to write manipulated data to a file.

Key Points

• pandas uses other names for data types than Python, for example: object for textual data.
• A column in a DataFrame can only have one data type.
• The data type in a DataFrame’s single column can be checked using dtype.
• Make conscious decisions about how to manage missing data.
• A DataFrame can be saved to a CSV file using the to_csv function.

Acknowledgment

The material for this workshop series was created from the Data Analysis and Visualization in Python for Ecologists curriculum developed by The Data Carpentry Foundation of The Carpentries licensed under CC-BY 4.0